{"id":2720,"date":"2023-08-03T13:59:56","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T11:59:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rouillier.com\/wordpress-socioeco\/?p=2720"},"modified":"2023-08-03T13:59:59","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T11:59:59","slug":"lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rouillier.com\/wordpress-socioeco\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est un fait plut\u00f4t \u00e9tonnant que le z\u00e9ro absolu (temp\u00e9rature la plus basse que l\u2019on puisse atteindre) soit de -273,15 \u00b0C, et non pas z\u00e9ro. Ceci est du \u00e0 la conception du mod\u00e8le de repr\u00e9sentation des temp\u00e9ratures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour mesurer les temp\u00e9ratures, les physiciens Celsius (ou Fahrenheit) ont pris pour r\u00e9f\u00e9rence la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau qui g\u00e8le, fix\u00e9e tout \u00e0 fait arbitrairement \u00e0 0\u00b0 C et la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau qui bout fix\u00e9e toujours aussi arbitrairement \u00e0 100\u00b0C. Dire que l\u2019eau bout \u00e0 100\u00b0C n\u2019est pas une mesure, mais la d\u00e9finition d\u2019un \u00e9talon. On \u00e0 ensuite divis\u00e9 cet intervalle en 100 parties \u00e9gales pour d\u00e9finir le degr\u00e9 Celsius qui est devenu un \u00e9talon de mesure des temp\u00e9ratures. On a donc fix\u00e9 une \u00e9chelle des temp\u00e9ratures lin\u00e9aire pouvant aller de Moins l\u2019infini \u00e0 plus l\u2019infini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a ensuite d\u00e9fini la quantit\u00e9 de chaleur (la calorie) par rapport \u00e0 cet &nbsp;\u00e9talon degr\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Une calorie est la quantit\u00e9 de chaleur qu\u2019il faut apporter \u00e0 1 gramme d\u2019eau pour \u00e9lever sa temp\u00e9rature de 1 degr\u00e9, entre 14,5\u00b0 et 15,5\u00b0 sous une pression de 760 mmhg<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette d\u00e9finition est tr\u00e8s pratique pour les usages domestiques courants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On c\u2019est ensuite aper\u00e7u que la relation degr\u00e9\/calorie n\u2019\u00e9tait pas une relation lin\u00e9aire., et c\u2019est de l\u00e0 que va \u00e9merger notre petit probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour \u00e9lever la temp\u00e9rature ce gramme d\u2019eau de 15,5\u00b0 \u00e0 16,5\u00b0 il faut un peu moins d\u2019une calorie. Plus on monte dans les temp\u00e9ratures et moins il faut de calories pour faire ce saut de 1\u00b0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inversement, pour passer ce gramme d\u2019eau de 14,5\u00b0 \u00e0 13,5\u00b0 il faut retirer un peu plus de 1 calorie. Plus on veut descendre en temp\u00e9rature et plus il faut retirer de calories pour faire la saut de -1\u00b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De ce fait il faut retirer de plus en plus de calories de ce gramme d\u2019eau (qu\u2019il soit solide ou liquide) pour en faire chuter de plus en plus la temp\u00e9rature. Il en r\u00e9sulte que pour atteindre la temp\u00e9rature de -273,15\u00b0C, il faut maintenant retirer du gramme d\u2019eau un quantit\u00e9 infinie de calories. On con\u00e7oit qu\u2019il soit impossible d\u2019aller plus bas dans l\u2019\u00e9chelle des temp\u00e9ratures et m\u00eame qu\u2019il soit impossible d\u2019atteindre ce point, car retirer une quantit\u00e9 infinie de calories et chose impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On \u00e0 pu \u00e0 ce jour atteindre la temp\u00e9rature de -273,14999999995\u00b0C, mais pas -273,15\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019erreur des physiciens est d\u2019avoir d\u00e9fini la cause avant les effets. La temp\u00e9rature (qui n\u2019est pas une grandeur thermodynamique de base) est la cons\u00e9quence de l\u2019apport ou du retrait de calorie (qui est une valeur de base de la thermodynamique, m\u00eame si elle est maintenant remplac\u00e9e par le Joule)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si on avait d\u2019abord d\u00e9finie la calorie comme la grandeur de base pour d\u00e9finir le degr\u00e9, avec strictement la m\u00eame d\u00e9finition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Une calorie est la quantit\u00e9 de chaleur qu\u2019il faut apporter \u00e0 1 gramme d\u2019eau pour \u00e9lever sa temp\u00e9rature de 1 degr\u00e9, entre 14,5\u00b0 et 15,5\u00b0 sous une pression de 760 mmhg<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alors, l\u2019apport ou le retrait d\u2019une calorie aurait toujours fait varier la temp\u00e9rature de 1\u00b0C, mais sur une \u00e9chelle des temp\u00e9raturs allant de moins l\u2019infini \u00e0 plus l\u2019infini, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire que le degr\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente dans ce mod\u00e8le une variation de temp\u00e9rature (ou une variation d\u2019entropie) plus ou moins important que dans le mod\u00e8le officiel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PS&nbsp;: La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique maximum que l\u2019on peut atteindre (selon Max Planck) serait de 142 million de milliards de milliards de milliards de degr\u00e9s Celsius. C\u2019est hot&nbsp;!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u2019est un fait plut\u00f4t \u00e9tonnant que le z\u00e9ro absolu (temp\u00e9rature la plus basse que l\u2019on puisse atteindre) soit de -273,15 \u00b0C, et non pas z\u00e9ro. Ceci est du \u00e0 la conception du mod\u00e8le de repr\u00e9sentation des temp\u00e9ratures. Pour mesurer les temp\u00e9ratures, les physiciens Celsius (ou Fahrenheit) ont pris pour r\u00e9f\u00e9rence la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau qui [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":256,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gene"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C) -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rouillier.com\/wordpress-socioeco\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C) -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"C\u2019est un fait plut\u00f4t \u00e9tonnant que le z\u00e9ro absolu (temp\u00e9rature la plus basse que l\u2019on puisse atteindre) soit de -273,15 \u00b0C, et non pas z\u00e9ro. Ceci est du \u00e0 la conception du mod\u00e8le de repr\u00e9sentation des temp\u00e9ratures. Pour mesurer les temp\u00e9ratures, les physiciens Celsius (ou Fahrenheit) ont pris pour r\u00e9f\u00e9rence la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau qui [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rouillier.com\/wordpress-socioeco\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-03T11:59:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-08-03T11:59:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Patrick Rouillier\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Patrick Rouillier\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Patrick Rouillier\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/05c7d78573e953cc030814a2e4f78d72\"},\"headline\":\"L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C)\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-03T11:59:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-08-03T11:59:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":643,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/05c7d78573e953cc030814a2e4f78d72\"},\"articleSection\":[\"G\u00e9n\u00e9rale\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/\",\"name\":\"L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C) -\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-03T11:59:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-08-03T11:59:59+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/lenigme-du-zero-absolu-273c\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"L\u2019\u00e9nigme du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rouillier.com\\\/wordpress-socioeco\\\/\",\"name\":\"On peut tout dire (Eco &amp; 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